Among evolutionary problems, eukaryogenesis is one of the most interesting, with many published theories proposing different evolutionary transition states in an effort to explain how it may have occurred in a way that aligns with current empirical evidence 1. Among the most detailed and well known theories is the Hydrogen Hypothesis, first published in 1998, updated in 2015 and in the meantime popularised in the public conscience in no small part by Nick Lane’s 2005 book Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the meaning of life. While the Hydrogen Hypothesis played a significant part in popularising symbiogenetic theories for eukaryogenesis, it is not the only such theory out there.

"The Genetics of Races" unveils a future teeming with promise — a future where scientific advancements unlock doors to prevention, treatment, and discovery. It beckons society to embrace the great humanitarian benefits that lie within our grasp, while advocating for responsible and ethical practices that safeguard against misuse. As you reach the final pages of this intellectual odyssey, a sense of purpose will infuse your being. The author's voice will reverberate within you, urging you to face the future with courage and conviction.

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that results from the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. This destruction is caused by T cells and leads to insulin deficiency (Chen et al.). Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of blood sugar into cells, which the cells can then use for energy. Without insulin, sugar builds up in the bloodstream, leading to hyperglycemia (CDC). Two HLA genes involved in antigen presentation, DR3 and DR4-DQ8, as well as around 60 non-HLA genes, are associated with the development of T1D (DiMeglio et al.); HLA genes code for surface proteins that are used to identify body cells and foreign cells (Nordquist and Radia). Also, viral infections, including enterovirus infections, might be linked to the development of T1D (DiMeglio et al.).

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Spider silks demonstrate extraordinary mechanical performance. They rely on an intricate hierarchical structure that gives rise to unique properties. Of the many types of spider silks that are produced, dragline spider silk has attracted the most research attention due its extremely high strength. Since data on dragline spider silk is readily available, much can be understood about the nature of spider silk by analyzing the structure of dragline spider silk. Moreover, the study of spider silk can inspire the design of new materials. Here, we review the structure of dragline silk, present a particular material model to explain their behavior, and discuss the potential outlook in the area.

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The liver is no doubt one of the most vital organs of the human body. With ranged roles in digestion, energy, and protein synthesis, liver cells house a network of metabolic pathways that are crucial for survival. From the citric acid cycle, urea cycle, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and ketone body synthesis, reaching out to GABA and myelin formation in the brain, we see a chemical interconnectedness which makes the liver the most metabolically active organ in the body. However, that same nature of metabolism – the reliance of one pathway to another – is perhaps what also makes our body so vulnerable to the smallest anomaly in the system. One such case revolves around an enzyme named pyruvate carboxylase.

KDM5B, a histone lysine demethylase “eraser” protein, is a transcriptional repressor of active promoter regions on histone three lysine K4. KDM5B is crucial to regulating gene expression and development. Previously, all mutations in KDM5B were described in cancer. High-performance sequencing revealed missense, frameshift, and nonsense mutations in KDM5B that can be linked to developmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This review summarizes KDM5B’s role in ASD and other developmental disorders.