Vaccines, an essential tool for bolstering the immune system's defense against pathogens, work by introducing harmless pathogen components, or antigens, into the body. This prompts the immune system to recognize and mount a defense against these foreign invaders, primarily through the involvement of different white blood cell types, particularly T cells and B cells, each with distinct roles. Vaccines are important because they help us prevent sickness and give us advantages against pathogens, which evolve more quickly than humans.
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Nanotechnology, which works with super tiny materials at the molecular level, is being used to create cool new ways to make vaccines. It uses things called nanoparticles, which help protect vaccine parts from damage and control how they get released in the body, making our immune system get stronger. These nanoparticles also help in making special vaccines that look like the bad germs we want to fight, which makes our immune system get better at recognizing and fighting them. So, by using nanotechnology, vaccines become stronger, more precise, and better at keeping up with the changing germs that make us sick.

Synchronisation occurs commonly in various mechanical and biological systems. In this paper, I examine the synchronisation of two metronomes placed on a freely moving board. Using various approximations and assumptions, my paper proves why metronomes synchronise when they are almost in sync to begin with. Analysing metronomes provides a mechanical solution for synchronisation and is the first step to understanding more complex biological synchronisations modelled by the Kuramoto model.

This paper provides an overview of various antidepressants, which are often used to treat depression. Depression is a prevalent mental disorder characterised by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable and rewarding activities. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that depression affects approximately 3.8% of the population, which is equivalent to approximately 300 million people globally. Depression is caused by biological, genetic, environmental, and psychosocial factors. The conventional treatments include therapeutic and social support for mild depression and pharmacological interventions for moderate to severe instances, primarily involving antidepressants such as SSRIs and SNRIs. SSRIs and SNRIs target neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine to alleviate depressive symptoms. However, these antidepressants have potential side effects such as cardiovascular issues, gasastrointestinal problems, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, and increased suicidal thoughts. Despite all these side effects, antidepressants remain a crucial tool to combat depression.

The extent to which special relativity may be used to simulate gravity is investigated in this paper using a theoretical approach, where the “gravitational” time dilation calculated using the two methods are compared. The method was to establish, with reference to their co-moving rest frame, two uniformly accelerating observers that are stationary with respect to one another. The time dilation experienced by these two observers in special relativity is then analytically and numerically compared to that derived by general relativity, if the same observers were taken to be at rest in a uniform gravitational field. The special relativity formula was shown to have an accuracy of 9.11 percent, and that the two formulas have matching behaviours up to the sub-leading order of their expansions. The accuracy was also shown to decrease when distance increases, demonstrating that this method is only valid for simulating gravity on a local scale. The results therefore agree with predictions; according to the equivalence principle, the accelerated frame is equivalent to a gravitational field only on a local scale where spacetime can be seen as locally flat and the gravitational field as approximately uniform.

After the publication of Special Theory of Relativity in 1905, scientists raised questions that seemed to be impossible to explain due to relativity. These paradoxes seem to make contradictory statements and challenge the legitimacy of the theory of relativity until it was accepted by the scientific community.  This `paper presents some of those paradoxes and findings of Special Theory of Relativity, namely the Bug Rivet Paradox, Bell’s Spaceship Paradox and the changes in the electromagnetic fields due to a change in frames of reference. The paper shows how these problems were solved using coordinate transformations, and the key insights into the world we live in, such as the explanations of why electric and magnetic fields are interlinked.

Physicists came up with apparent paradoxes which challenged the theory. Apparent paradoxes arise due to two statements that seem logical but do not agree with each other, or an antinomy. We will be looking at some of these problems; Bug-Rivet paradox, Bell’s Spaceship paradox and the link between electric and magnetic fields.

Everyone has the right to have access and afford healthy food, to be able to afford a healthy diet, but there are many challenges in meeting this social need. A healthy diet brings beneficial effects to the human body, decreasing the possibility of developing disease, and raises the general health level of a community. However, this depends on the availability of nutritious, affordable, accessible healthy food.
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In this paper, we explore factors affecting the accessibility of healthy food, through the lens of availability and affordability. This will be conducted by drawing on research on nutrition and public health economics to explore the impact of geography on availability and price of healthy food. There will be a brief review of the impact that culture has had on the historical circumstances for the development of healthy or unhealthy eating habits. The study will question whether recent developments with regards to availability and price of healthy food have served as barriers to healthy eating patterns, which may have restricted New Zealanders’ choices of healthy eating, decreasing the public health level.

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